Remote Viewing: A 1974- 2022 Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Patrizio Tressoldi & Debra Lynne Katz

ABSTRACT

HIGHLIGHTS

Statistical analysis of the available evidence suggests that remote-viewing is the most

efficient way to study “extrasensory perception” for experiments and practical applications.

ABSTRACT

This is the first meta-analysis of all studies related to remote-viewing tasks conducted

up to December 2022. After applying our inclusion criteria, we selected 36 studies

with a total of 40 effect sizes. Both frequentist and Bayesian meta-analyses revealed a

strong average effect size of .34; 95% confidence interval: .22 -.45, after the exclusion

of outliers, without signs of publication bias and a minimal decline effect. In terms of

raw scores, these average results correspond to a difference in hits score of 19.3%; 95%

confidence intervals:13.6%–25%, above the expected chance. Among the meta-analyses

of moderators, a small nonstatistical difference emerged between the precognitive and

clairvoyance tasks, particularly for those with an outbound agent. A comparison among

meta-analysis results observed with other experimental protocols testing extrasensory

perception showed the clear superiority of remote viewing. After more than 50 years

of investigation into extrasensory perception, remote-viewing experimental protocols

appear to be the most efficient for both experimental and practical applications.

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Keywords: Remote viewing; meta-analysis; clairvoyance; precognition; extrasensory perception